Python is an object-oriented language. Classes and objects are at the heart of Python. One unique feature of Python OOP is Dunder (Double Under) Methods, also known as Magic Methods.

• self: Refers to the current instance of the class (similar to this in Java/C++).
• Inheritance: Subclasses inherit attributes and methods from parent classes.
• Encapsulation: Python uses naming conventions (like _ or __) to signal private state.

Dunder methods allow you to implement operator overloading and customize built-in behaviors.

• __init__(self): Constructor, called when an object is instantiated.
• __str__(self): Controls what happens when you call print(obj).
• __repr__(self): Official string representation of an object.
• __len__(self): Allows you to use len(obj).
• __getitem__(self, key): Allows indexing like obj[key].

python Standard
class Book:
    def __init__(self, title, author):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author

    def __str__(self):
        return f"'{self.title}' by {self.author}"

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.title)

my_book = Book("Fluent Python", "Luciano Ramalho")
print(my_book) # Result: 'Fluent Python' by Luciano Ramalho
print(len(my_book)) # Result: 13

• Ignoring self: Forgetting to include self as the first argument in instance methods.
• Custom Accessors: Creating Java-style getters/setters (get_name, set_name) instead of using Python's @property decorator.
• Private Access: Thinking __private members are truly inaccessible (they are just name-mangled).