Exception handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained. Java uses a robust hierarchy of Throwable classes.

• Throwable: Root class.
  • Error: Irrecoverable conditions (e.g., OutOfMemoryError).
  • Exception: Recoverable conditions.
    • Checked Exceptions: Checked at compile-time (e.g., IOException).
    • Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime): Checked at runtime (e.g., NullPointerException).

• try: Block where code that might throw an exception is placed.
• catch: Block that handles the exception.
• finally: Block that executes regardless of whether an exception was thrown (used for cleanup).
• throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
• throws: Declares that a method might throw an exception.

java Standard
public class ExceptionExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            int result = 10 / 0;
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.err.println("Cannot divide by zero!");
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Cleanup successful.");
        }
    }
}

• Catching Throwable: Catching Throwable or Exception indiscriminately (swallowing errors).
• Ignoring finally: Not using finally (or try-with-resources) to close resources like file streams or database connections.
• Checked vs Unchecked: Not understanding when to use checked exceptions (for recoverable conditions outside the app's control) vs unchecked (for programming errors).