An array is a collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory locations. In C++, array size must be known at compile-time for static arrays.

Use static arrays when the number of elements is fixed and known beforehand to save memory overhead compared to dynamic containers.

• Access by index: $O(1)$
• Search (unsorted): $O(N)$
• Insertion/Deletion: $O(N)$ (requires shifting elements)

cpp Standard
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int x = arr[2]; // Accessing 30

• Array bounds overflow: Accessing arr[5] for an array of size 5 (indices are 0 to 4).
• Forgetting that arrays cannot be resized once declared.
• Not initializing array elements, leading to garbage values.